OfficeMax Corporate Description

Introduction The purpose of this essay is to describe the background of OfficeMax, Inc., financial statements, organizational structure, industry overview, and overall performance of this company.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on OfficeMax Corporate Description specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Company and Industry Description OfficeMax is a diversified company and the pioneer of retail office products industry, which serves the pubic and private sector for the office supplies, paper, print, document services, and technological solution with high integrity, accountability, and corporate social responsibility through 29,000 associates all over the USA; in addition, it establishes several subsidiaries with 1,000 stores in the US and Mexico (OMX, Inc. 1). The performance of the office-supply retail industry is very significant to the manufacturers as they directly linked with the quick unstable demand, while the secto r generated profit of US$ 151.5 million with sales revenue US$ 7.6 billion in 2011, but the industry has been suffering from a declining profit from 2.6% to 2.0% during 2006 to 2011 (IBISWorld 4). History of firm OfficeMax started its journey in 1931 in the name of Boise Cascade Corporation; in 2003, it acquired OfficeMax, Inc. that provided the company to double its office products supply chain in the US market and the company bannered as OfficeMax; at the same time, it registered in NYSE and established headquarter in Naperville, Illinois (OMX, Inc. 1). In 2004, the company diversified its business from manufacturing to independent office products distribution channels for different technology based office supplies; in 2006, it brought remarkable changes at the management and shifted headquarters with strategic plan that rescued the company from the serious impact of global financial crisis and the company introduced five-year growth plan in 2010. Ownership and Stockholders of Company ZACKS (6) pointed out that OfficeMax Inc. has already listed company in the New York Stock Exchange, and it has aligned with 94% Institutional Ownership, 1 % Insider Ownership with US$ 696 million of market capitalization and 87 millions of outstanding shares while its Mexican outlets operated through 51% joint venture. The debt equity scenario of the company is as followsAdvertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Figure 1: Equity and Debt Position of OMX Source: Modified from Morningstar, Inc. (1) The current equity owners of the company is as – Figure 2: Current Equity Owner Source: Modified from Morningstar, Inc. (1)Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on OfficeMax Corporate Description specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Morningstar, Inc. (1) reported that the stockholders of the OfficeMax are Franklin Balance Sheet Investment Fund, Thornburg Value, CREF Stock, and Fidelity Value and so on while Countryman (1) pointed out that the share of the company is significantly undervalued and they think to break-up or realize their full investment, such threatening trend of investors have generated huge challenges. Financial Condition: Past, Present, Trends According to the Yahoo Finance (1), share price of OfficeMax experienced extreme growth in the stock market at the initial stage, and the share price of this company decreased in 2008 and it was below $2 at that time though the position developed steadily; however, the following figure shows the historical stock price of OfficeMax for three stock exchanges – Figure 3: Historical stock price performance of OfficeMax from 2008 to 2011 Source: Yahoo Finance (1) Key variables 1997 ($ million) 1998 ($ million) 1999 ($ million) Sales Revenue 3.765.444 4,337.768 4,842.698 Gross profit 870.36 973.23 1,111.543 Net Income 89.6 2 48.62 10.041 EPS 0.72 0.39 0.09 Table 1: Key financial variables of OfficeMax Source: Self generated from O’Malley (14)Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More O’Malley (20) pointed out that the performance of this company deteriorated from the fiscal 2000 and the earning per share declined as well; however, the present performance of the company is satisfactory, but it must have to consider global financial crisis to hold stable position in the future. Analysis of financial statements and performance The operating costs of this company had not increased significantly, but the net income fluctuated dramatically, for instance, net income attributable to OfficeMax was $34.894 million, $71.155 million and $ 0.667 million for 2011, 2010 and 2009 accordingly; the following tables show key financial statistics and operating expenses for OfficeMax – Key variables 2011 ($ million) 2010 ($ million) 2009 ($ million) Sales Revenue 7,121.167 7,150.007 7,212.050 Gross profit 1,809.18 1,849.652 1,737.598 Total Assets 4,069.275 4,078.93 4,069.531 Total Liabilities 3,468.359 3,428.918 3,566.335 Total cash flows from investing activities (69.373) (87.338) 2.822 Table 2: Key Financial Variables of OfficeMax Source: self-generated from OfficeMax (74-78) and Yahoo Finance (1) Variables 2011 ($ million) 2010 ($ million) 2009 ($ million) Cost of sales 5,311.99 5,300.36 5,474.45 Operating, selling, and general and administrative expenses 1,690.97 1,689.13 1,674.71 Asset impairments 11.20 10.98 17.612 Other operating expenses 20.53 3.077 49.30 Table 3: Total operating expenses of OfficeMax Source: Self generated from OfficeMax (78) and OMX, Inc. (1) Performance and Soundness in Comparison to Industry/ Competitors The presence of strong competitors in office-supply retail industry is one of the main threats for OfficeMax while the market position of the competitors is outstanding and it has both direct and indirect competitors those offer similar services, for example, local and international office goods markets are extremely and increasingly competitive (Yahoo Finance and OfficeMax 35). Accor ding to the figure 2, the performance of this company was not enough sound considering the performance of the competitors because it generated about $40 million profits in 2011 while Office Depot earned approximately $80.95 million and Staples, Inc. generated more than $917 million; however, the following figure demonstrates direct competitor comparison among the major competitors – Figure 4: Direct Competitor Comparison among Office Depot, Inc., Staples, Inc. WMT, and industry (Specialty Retail, Other) Source: Yahoo Finance (1) Figure 5: Comparison of stock price performance between OfficeMax and Staples, Inc. for the last five years Source: Yahoo Finance (1) Figure 6: Comparison of stock price performance between OfficeMax and Office Depot, Inc. for the last five years Source: Yahoo Finance (1) Many small companies are offering similar products and many others are trying to produce innovative products using modern technology, which can change the customer behavior and in crease market demand; moreover, the existing large companies are not the only threatening aspect for OfficeMax, but prospective new entrants can also cause of competitive challenges in the free market economy. Industry Type: Manufacturing/ Service In 2010, Sales revenue from manufacturing was US$ 3,634.2 million and from retailing US$ 3,515.8 million while the consolidated sales revenue was US$ 7,150.0, this data illustrated that the contribution of Manufacturing was 51% and the rest 49% earning from retailing; thus, the company has both attributes of manufacturing and service; at the same time, it is labor intensive (OMX, Inc. 6). Organization and Structure The Chief Executive Officer named Ravichandra Saligram is responsible to control all departments; in addition, the vice-president and Chief Diversity Officer are accountable to maintain the OfficeMax Diversity Council to prepare various reports and improve operational performance by implementing strategic plan. Figure 7: Organi zational Structure 2012 of OfficeMax Source: Official Board (1) Diversification The company is extremely diversified company, for instance, it has retail segment, contract section and so on – Figure 8: Sales from different segment Source: OfficeMax (5) Centralization The top management and board members are responsible to exercise decision-making power, which demonstrates that OfficeMax is following centralized organizational structure (Barney Hesterley 135). Compensation Policies According to the annual report 2011 of OfficeMax, Executive Vice-President Steve Parsons is responsible for all aspects related with compensation and benefits; however, compensation committee designs salary structure for the employees, directors and other board members. On the other hand, OfficeMax (1) reported that salary of the directors is competitive, non-employee directors obtain a form of long-term equity reimbursement, but non-employee board members merely receive salary for their boa rd service; however, it fails to ensure high compensation and benefits to attract and retain qualified associates. The following figure shows information related with equity compensation plan – Figure 9: Equity Compensation Plan Information Source: OfficeMax (117) Management Controls The management of OfficeMax is committed to control the company and review the performance of the Company by maintaining ethical codes with integrity, the regulations and conducts for the board member, and legal provisions of national and international markets; however, Ethisphere Institute awarded this company for quality leadership in ethical business practices (OfficeMax 1). Types of Organizational Structure OfficeMax is following hierarchical or formal organizational chart to control the company; in addition, OfficeMax is highly differentiated in its own industry, which influences the company to maintain several common functional departments to operate the business, for instance, legal d epartment, merchandising, supply chain, diversity management and human resource department; however, the subsequent figure shows a simple organizational of OfficeMax- Figure 10: Organizational Chart of OfficeMax Source: OfficeMax (1) Works Cited Barney, Jay. Hesterley, William. Strategic Management and Competitive Advantage. London: Prentice Hall, 2011. Print. Countryman, Andrew. Major shareholder seeks sale or breakup of OfficeMax Inc. 2005. Web. http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2005-03-12/business/0503120309_1_officemax-capital-partners-k-capital. IBISWorld. 2011. Office Stationery Manufacturing in the US. PDF file. 02 November 2012. http://www.texastrade.org/resources/documents/doc_download/507-office-stationery-manufacturing-in-the-us-industry-report. Morningstar, Inc. OfficeMax Inc OMX. 2012. Web. http://investors.morningstar.com/ownership/shareholders-overview.html?t=OMX. OfficeMax. Annual Report 2011 of OfficeMax. 2011. Web. http://investor.officemax.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=851 71p=irol-reportsannual. OfficeMax. Corporate Governance of OfficeMax. 2012. Web. http://investor.officemax.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=85171p=irol-govguidelines#2. OfficeMax. Organizational Chart of OfficeMax. 2012. Web. http://about.officemax.com/csr2007/working+organizational+structure.html. Official Board. Organizational Structure 2012 of OfficeMax. 2012. Web. http://www.theofficialboard.com/org-chart/officemax. O’Malley, Judge. 2000. In re OfficeMax, Inc. Securities Litigation. PDF file. 02 November 2012. http://securities.stanford.edu/1015/OMX00/2001427_r01c_0002432.pdf. OMX, Inc. Company Facts. 2012. Web. http://about.officemax.com/html/officemax_company_facts.shtml. OMX, Inc. OfficeMax Reports Fourth Quarter and Full Year 2010 Financial Results. 2012. Web. http://investor.officemax.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=85171p=irol-finnewsArticleID=1529468highlight=. OMX, Inc. 2009. OfficeMax’s Living Values 2008, Corporate Social Responsibility Report. PDF file. 02 November 2012. http:// about.officemax.com/csr2009/downloads/OMX_CSR_Report_08.pdf. OMX, Inc. 2011. OfficeMax’s Fact Sheet 11. PDF file. 02 November 2012. https://www.eandi.org/PDF/OfficeMax_Difference_5.11.pdf. Yahoo Finance. Comparison of stock price performance between OfficeMax and Office Depot, Inc. for the last 5 years. 2012. Web. http://finance.yahoo.com/q/bc?t=5ys=OMXl=onz=lq=lc=ODPql=1. Yahoo Finance. Comparison of stock price performance between OfficeMax and Staples, Inc. for the last 5 years. 2012. Web. http://finance.yahoo.com/q/bc?t=5ys=OMXl=onz=lq=lc=SPLSql=1. Yahoo Finance. Direct Competitor Comparison. 2012. Web. http://finance.yahoo.com/q/co?s=OMX+Competitors. ZACKS. 2012. OfficeMax Incorporated. PDF file. 02 November 2012. http://www.zacks.com/ZER/zer_get_pdf.php?r=Z921561t=OMXid=23723. This essay on OfficeMax Corporate Description was written and submitted by user Natasha M. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Symbols in the Scarlet Letter Essay Example

Symbols in the Scarlet Letter Essay Example Symbols in the Scarlet Letter Essay Symbols in the Scarlet Letter Essay Essay Topic: The Scarlet Letter Name: Tutor: Course: Date: Symbols in the Scarlet Letter The use of symbolism is the use of a symbol, which is the representation of something else (Fromm 122). A symbol is used to mean something else apart from the one that has obviously been described. Symbols are often used to describe the inner experiences to the outside world. The same symbol could mean different things in various contexts, and should therefore be carefully interpreted to suit the circumstances. A symbol can be an object or action that has additional meaning that is identifiable to a person. Symbolism requires seeking of a deeper meaning to a description in order to understand the intended meaning. The life of a human being is full of symbolism whether intended or accidental (Birkerts 125). We often use signs to signify various aspects of our lives and to communicate. For example, we use a handshake as a sign of peace. The writer of the scarlet letter successfully makes use of symbolism in his work. The first symbol used is Hester, pearl’s mother who is seen as a sinner by the community. She is viewed as a disgrace to the community for committing adultery and is punished for her sins after a public humiliation. The torture she undergoes during this period symbolizes the struggles that people undergo in their lives due to their moral choices. It represents the consequences of choices that are inconsistent with the society’s norms. She was ridiculed by the society for her actions, which lowers her self-esteem and her self-worth. This represents the stigmatization in the society that people who have made immoral choices undergo. After enduring her punishment, she transforms from a lifeless woman to a strong woman. She is finally set free from the oppression. This shows that been a sinner is a temporary condition that can be changed. The writer uses her as a symbol of a sinner who makes mistakes, learns from them and finally changes her behavior. Dimmesdale is also used symbolically. In the text, he is a sinner just like Hester, but unlike Hester, he does not confess to his sins and instead shies away from the truth. He comfortably goes about his duties as a reverend as if nothing had happened, and does not help Hester when she is tortured for not revealing the man who had made her pregnant. The public views him as holy while inside he is the opposite of that. The society is sometimes judgmental and fails to see a person for who he is and instead judges him depending on his outward appearance and image. This portrays him as a symbol of hypocrisy for acting like the holy person he is not. Finally, he decides to confront his sins and admits to being the father of pearl. Dimmesdale is a symbol of guilt, where he tries to fight the guilt, but it eventually wins him over and makes him confess his sins. He is also portrayed as a hypocrite who eventually comes clean and gains inner peace in doing so. The scarlet letter is used as a symbol with different meanings in various contexts. Initially, the letter was used to mean adultery in reference to Hester’s adulterous actions. It represents the suffering she was subjected to by the society. The scarlet A on her dress hides Hester’s heart just like her life; the pain and sufferings are hidden by her sinful action. Here, the scarlet A is used to represent the shame Hester’s actions had brought her. This was a way of punishing her by constantly reminding of her sins and reminding the society of the consequences of adultery. It is also meant to signify the guilt of Hester and her identity as an abomination. At the death of the governor, the community sees the scarlet letter in the sky as a sign that he was becoming an angel while to Dimmesdale it reminded him of his sins. Later on, when Hester starts visiting the homes of people in sorrow, the meaning of the letter changed to mean ‘able’. This is symbol ic of the society’s changing view on Hester as she picks up the pieces of her life after they had been shattered by her sins. This symbolizes the changes in the society’s perspective that is influenced by changes in the behavior of individuals. This means that the actions of a person are a determinant of how the society views him. Pearl is a complex character used symbolically in the text. She is like the scarlet letter only that she is a living human being. Just as the letter serves as a constant reminder to Hester of her sins, Pearl is also a reminder to her mother and to the society of the sins committed by her mother. This represents the permanent consequences of human actions that cannot be reversed and one has to live with them forever. Pearl is viewed as a product of evil by the community, and their opinion does not change like it did in relation to Hester (Hawthorne 5). This shows that the community most likely judges an individual on a sin committed once or a long time ago. Despite pearl been the symbol of her mother’s sins, she says Pearl is her source of joy. She also represents the passion that resulted from that sin. This is the symbolic meaning that good can come from evil. Instead of Hester viewing pearl as a curse, she sees her as a blessing to her. This shows that people can turn their problems into opportunities to make themselves stronger and better. It could also be interpreted as focusing on the positive aspects of a situation instead of complaining of one’s problems. Pearl enjoys the life in the forest since she feels free and happy there unlike in the puritan community. She is also set free by the confession of her father’s sins. This is symbolic that the acceptance of one’s sins sets him free from guilt and gives him peace. Chillingworth is used by the writer as a symbol of revenge. His strength and enthusiasm represents the strong emotion of revenge that is out of human control. He is compared to a snake, which symbolizes the evil that revenge possesses. Chillingworth makes the community start mistrusting Pearl, which shows the raging fire of revenge that consumes people regardless of their personalities. Dimmesdale suffers due to the torture caused by Chillingworth. This shows that the power of revenge is exceptionally strong, dangerous and destructive to the parties involved. Pearl warns her mother against associating with Chillingworth. This could be interpreted to mean that Pearl was warning her mother against been consumed by the strong force of revenge since it was a force of evil. After Dimmesdale’s confession of his sin, chilling lost his strength and withered. This is symbolic that revenge is killed by good actions since it is by itself evil. Light and color are used as symbols in the text, in their various contexts. The opposites of the two are used to represent good and evil. When pearl’s parents meet in the forest, the sky is covered in some form of gray covering, and the forest is described as black and dense. This represents the guilt weighing in their conscience and the evil sin they committed. Sunshine is seen to flicker in the forest as a representation of hope of redemption from their sinful nature. This symbolizes the hope for the alienated people in the society who have been tortured continuously for their mistakes. Pearl tells her mother that the sun would not shine on her if she was still sinful and she therefore needed to repent. This symbolizes that a sinner can only change after accepting his sins. Eventually, the sun shines on Hester after she sets her hair free. This shows that there is hope for the couple after the torture they had been subjected. This is also a sign of freedom for the oppressed after they let their troubles go. The sunshine is also a sign of nature’s approval of good actions. Darkness was used to describe jail where Hester underwent a lot of torture as punishment. The puritans at this time wore gray hats representing the sorrow of the community. Nighttime is the moment of concealment of the truth by Dimmesdale. His confession is made at noon when the sun is bright. The use of noon is symbolic of the revelation and exposure that he is exposed to by his confession. It is also symbolic of a line between good and evil since his confession makes him a better person but other people may focus on his wrongdoings. The community is associated with dull colors such as grey and black which is a representation of their sorrow. The setting in the text is symbolic. The group of people who are consistently watching the development of the story represents the rigid rules and regulation governing the community, which cannot be changed. The forest represents the natural world governed by the laws of nature, which are more humane than those of the land. The forest is also a representation of a moral ground that Hester goes into after her sinful nature. The brook is a border for the two worlds, which pearl refuses to cross. The writer has successfully used symbolism to communicate various messages about the life of a human being in a society. The scarlet letter is a short story with a lot of information. Symbolism gas been used to simplify the message into short words. The various interpretations of a particular symbol are proofs of the richness of information that the text carries. Therefore, the use of symbolism is evidently helpful in writing to help the reader view the text in a broad perspective and relate the text to real life situations. Fromm, Erich. The Nature of Symbolic Language. Class Handout: English 101. Cerro Coso Community College, 2010. 2l -26. Print. Hawthorne, Nathaniel. The Scarlett Letter. London: Dent Sons, 1971. Print. Birkerts P. Sven. Literature: The Evolving Canon. Class Handout: English 101. Cerro Coso Community College, 1995. l25 -27. Print.

Did Edward Snowden do more good or harm Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Did Edward Snowden do more good or harm - Essay Example he security and peace of the Britain and other populations in the west, then the Snowden leaks have been devastating and have caused a lot of harm (Scruton 2013; Whitehead, Hope and Swinford 2013). On the other hand, there are those who say that the Snowden leaks have done worlds of good. One, the leaks have awakened the American public to the reality of the massive, pervasive and unauthorized intrusions into their privacy by government. Such awareness has in turn caused many Americans to speak out and spark a debate into extent of civil liberties and the right to privacy on the one hand and the need of government to secure its well-being and the safety and peace of the general population through the conscious trespassing of those liberties on the other (Desilver 2014; Newport 2013). On balance, this paper argues that Snowden’s actions have both had done harm and good A nuanced consideration of the arguments from both sides of the debate tell us that the consequences of his ac tions are complex. The underlying issues of personal freedoms and civil liberties versus government policing and surveillance in pursuit of securing the peace has ever been a source of tension in a rich and never-ending tug and pull dynamic between these opposing forces (Mirkinson 2013; Scherer 2013). On the one hand we have legal experts opining that the surveillance programs and tools used by the NSA and counterpart agencies in other countries are in essence necessary evils in a world where terrorists have access to the same technologies, and where those programs and tools have aided in the suppression and arrest of terrorists and their activities (Omand 2014; Johnson et al. 2014). 9/11 is being highlighted in discussions of how such surveillance programs have averted potential recurrences of such an event moving forward from that catastrophe, in an argument in support of the general view that by compromising such activities to detect and prevent 9/11 events, Snowden has terribly

Identification of managerial, financial, legal and ethical Essay - 2

Identification of managerial, financial, legal and ethical implications - Essay Example Whatever legislature that pertains to the subject matter is covered under a set of workplace Torts. Ineffective administrative communication leads to frustration and the buildup of stress within the organization. A major reason for this could be the legal principle of â€Å"Respondeat Superior† which places the responsibility of the activities of the employee on the superior or the manager. Thus, the senior – junior relationship is constantly strained and is one of perpetual scrutiny rather than warmth or affection. At one extreme of this we have the tendency among some in power to abuse their position through threats, abuse, intimidation and retaliatory discharge, all of which are cause of legal action. In an effort to reduce the probability of wrongful discharge, some states, such as Connecticut, Montana, Maine and Michigan have enacted legislation that protects employees from terminations that are found to be arbitrary and capricious (Pozgar & Santucci, 2007). At the other end, the employees themselves should ethically adhere to a strict code of conduct that respects patient specific and facility specific information. Also, the court enunciated a corporate negligence doctrine in 1965 under the Darling Vs Charleston Community Memorial Hospital which stated clearly that a hospital has the duty to provide an adequately trained medical and nursing staff. Legal statues and workplace torts require that employers must communicate clearly to prospective employees that their employment is at will and can be terminated at any time by either the employer or the employee. This shall encourage the employee to work properly as well as clear any misconceptions that may arise later. In recent years however, the rule that employment for an indefinite term is terminable by the employer whenever and for whatever cause he chooses

Conflicts in Organizations Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Conflicts in Organizations - Assignment Example The working environment of the organization may suffer turmoil which can be a cause of emotional or physical discomfort, not only for the warring individuals but also for people who are not related to conflicts in any manner. Modern HRM sciences take such ‘conflicts at work’ seriously and seek to explain the causes of such conflicts. Many theories focus on aspect like the creation of tension within the environment of organizations, which then contribute to conflict genesis. Many on the other hand blame an ongoing change to be the causative agent of conflicts. Whatever the cause, it is a well-accepted fact that ongoing conflicts in the environment of an organization are a well-known cause of decreased productivity and it is for this reason that timely intervention is required to avoid losses that may ensue if the issue is left unattended. The paper will take into consideration the various aspects of conflicts that arise within my organization and then take a step forward to analyze the situation in the light of famous theories. An attempt to provide recommendations for the resolution of the issue will be followed by the creation of a feasible plan that is acceptable to the various stakeholders involved in the issue. I work with Acuity Insurance and my working affiliation with the company is no less than 7 years old. I have seen many ups and downs of my company and these favourable or unfavourable circumstances have always been a source of learning for me. My company is one of the luckiest companies that not only survived the recent times of financial crises but also due to its excellent management succeeded in maintaining high profitability. The ultimate consequence of all this is the fact that the number of employees has increased during recent times and many people visit our HR office for jobs on the regular basis.

A History of UK Newspapers | Analysis

A History of UK Newspapers | Analysis This newspaper assignment will set out to critically analyse newspapers by comparing political persuasion, ownership, readership, content and style. The chosen two newspapers that will be analysed will be The Sun and The Guardian. The researcher has chosen to analyse, for this assignment a newspaper story exposing taxpayers cash being wasted by EU chiefs. A brief history of Newspapers British newspapers can be traced back to the 17th century, but they were very different to the types of newspapers many people read today, the information in these early newspapers mainly got distributed to the public in the form of posters, news sheets or pamphlets. The first true British newspaper to be published in Britain similar to the ones we read today was the Oxford Gazette in the year 1665. (London-gazette.co.uk). Although this newspaper was originally called the Oxford Gazette it later changed its name to the London Gazette because of a decision by King Charles the II to move his government to Oxford. The London Gazette from the beginning was a good source of reliable news, especially for information overseas. In fact Wellingtons Waterloo victory was published first in the London Gazette. (London-gazette.co.uk). Brief history of The Sun newspaper The Sun was first published on the 25th of January 1911 and was originally called The Daily Herald. Initially a left wing paper, it was printed periodically to offer support to strikers at the time. In 1922 it became the official newspaper of the (TUC) Trade Union Congress and was a Labour Party supporter at the time. (Historic newspapers.co.uk). After changing its name from The Daily Herald to The Sun, The Sun printed its first edition on the 15th of September 1964. After a short period of two months from the first edition, world media tycoon Rupert Murdoch acquired The Sun after unsuccessful bids by Robert Maxwell. (Historic newspapers.co.uk). The Sun newspaper is owned by The News Corporation Group and is part of the News Group Newspapers. Published daily it sells over 2899,310 copies per day, and at its peak in the mid 90s The Sun was selling over 4,000,000 newspapers a day. Normally considered to be Conservative, The Sun has been known for supporting the ruling party, and even supported Tony Blair during his three election wins. (Historic newspapers.co.uk). The readership age average of The Sun is 15-24 year old, having a higher % of male reading The Sun than females. The Southeast of England has been shown to have the highest readership of The Sun newspaper. (Ipsos-mori.com). Brief history of The Guardian newspaper The Guardian newspaper, originally known as the Manchester Guardian was first published on May the 5th 1821 and founded by a man named John Edward Taylor. The Manchester Guardians intention at the time was to promote liberal interest in the aftermath of the Peterloo Massacre and the growing campaign to repel Corn Laws that Manchester suffered from at the time. To begin with the newspaper was published weekly until 1836 when it was published every Wednesday and Saturday, by 1855 the newspaper became daily. (Guardian.co.uk). Under the editorship of C.P Scott, The Guardian achieved national and international recognition and held this post for 57 years. CP Scott bought the paper in 1907 pledging to uphold the principles of the founders, that the newspaper would retain its independence. After retiring from an active role in managing and editing the newspaper, C.P Scott passed control to his two sons John Russell as manager and Edward Taylor as editor, where these roles would remain until the death of C.P Scott in 1932. Unfortunately only four months after the death of his father, Edward Scott died and sole ownership was passed to J.R Scott. In 1936 this sole ownership was then formally passed to the trustees of The Scott Trust. In 1944 AD Wadsworth took the post of editor where in 1964 the editor and paper moved to London. (Guardian.co.uk). The political persuasion of The Guardian as always learned towards the left supporting Labour throughout most its history, however it has been known to support the LibDems and even supported Conservative in the 1955 election. (Guardian.co.uk). The average readership age of The Guardian is 24-34 year old, with a higher % of males reading The Guardian than females, London has the highest readership of this newspaper. (Ipos-mori.com). The difference between broadsheet and tabloid newspapers Income, age, social class and education have all been shown to have a positive correlation between who reads broadsheet or tabloid newspapers. Tabloid newspapers are usually smaller than broadsheet papers with a simple style, having many more photographs and often focusing on gossip and celebrity news rather than political affairs. Tabloids prefer to use a journalese style of writing promoting emotion in its readers using words like huge, crackdown, bubbly blonde, love rat, love child and cops instead of Police. Broadsheets in contrast like to use longer sentences and paragraphs often going into greater detail in their stories using a less dramatic approach in their writing style. (English lesson 2, newspaper hand out). Analysing the newspaper articles on Yuri Gagarins 50th anniversary first space flight The first main difference that is noticeable between the two chosen newspapers is the style of headlines, The Sun states in its headline First man in space parachuted into a ploughed field and had to borrow farmers phone to tell Moscow he was safe. The Sun is clearly using a comical approach in this headline trying to show the incompetence of the Russian space program at the time, in contrast The Guardian uses a more professional approach in its headlines stating Yuri, we have a problem: secrets of Gagarin trip revealed. The second noticeable difference is the introduction of the two stories, The Sun emphasiss emotion in its readers by using big words such as out of this world, huge blow, and his feat. However The Guardian hints at more informative facts within its story, taking a professional approach mentioning Newly released files cast light on hitches, drawing its readers into the story by hinting at facts and figures. The third noticeable difference between the two stories is how the two papers are structured. The Sun breaks its story up into little sections by using subheadings such as Orbit, Blurry and Spirit, making the story quicker and easier to read by jumping to certain sections of the story if the reader chooses too. The Guardian however chooses not to do this, making for a more comprehensive read. The fourth difference between the two papers is how they give the information within the story. The Sun chooses to give little snippets of information, giving their readers a choice to gain information quickly if they choose too, they do this by adding a timeline and adding subsections. The Guardian again, chooses not do this only giving their readers a choice of the main story or a sub story on a mall statue. The fifth difference is the style of picture between the two papers The Sun uses a larger more dramatic picture mixed with images such as the Vostok 1 blasting off, Gagarins funeral, Images of space and Yuri Gagarin in training. The Guardian however has a much smaller picture only showing Gagarin in his cosmonaut suit. The sixth and final difference between the two newspaper stories is how they are written. The Sun uses a journalese style of writing, for example its story has many words such as tiny, plunges, dramatic, plummeting and profoundly making for a very dramatic read. The Guardian however has a more down to earth approach to its story using more formal words such as technical, acceptable, apparatus and intrigue. Conclusion From analysing the two newspapers it can be clearly seen that they are designed to cater for two very different types of readers. The Guardian seems to be aimed for a more professional type of clientele. The reader of this paper will probably have a university education, with strong political views. The Guardian readers are also more likely commute to work on long train journeys. The style of writing in The Guardian paper gives a more comprehensive read with an in-depth approach to facts and figures it is perfectly suited to the more professional type of individual. The Sun, in contrast seems to be aimed at a totally different type of clientele. With its eye catching headlines and easy to read stories giving short snippets of information. This paper is ideally suited to the individual who is not that fussy on politics, whose education probably ended in college or secondary school, and makes short journeys to work getting small tea breaks throughout the day. The style of The Sun newspaper is perfectly suited to this type of individual who is probably on the go most of the day and doesnt get much time to take in the daily news.

Eating Disorders - Womens Magazines and Cinderella Essay -- Argument

Women's Magazines and Cinderella      Ã‚   In the world today much of the literature aimed at the feminine audience keeps us trapped in the role of "Cinderella." We think of ourselves as the poor, helpless, and uncared for woman who needs to be saved. The covers, the advertisements, and most articles in women's magazines reinforce what it means to be an ideal woman in today's society.    Pick up most any feminine magazine in your grocery store today, and it will define for you what it to be feminine in the year 2000. It defines most women as being slim happy wives, with great careers and wonderful children. One example of this journalistic nonsense is the magazine Redbook. The covers read like a map to any woman's (or man's) fairytale life. Headlines like "Burn Fat Faster at 25, 35, 45" (169) and "Perfect Skin: 77 quick tricks"(cover November) encourage us to be the best we can be in his eyes. Another headline tells us why it Rosie O'Donnell may never be slim (cover November). Why should she be? She's perfect, but n... ...f Leslie Jane Seymour, publishers Hearst Communications, Inc.. Redbook advertisement by Virginia Slim volume #192 November 1999, Pg. 12 Virginia Slims advertisement, Editor-in-Chief Leslie Jane Seymour, publishers Hearst Communications, Inc. Sommers, Jeff and Lewiecki-Wilson, Cynthia, From Community to College, Reading and Writing Across Diverse Contexts, authors and published by St. Martin's Press 1996, quote found on pg. 114 in "Listening" an essay by Sey Chassler, published in 1984 in MS. Magazine

Analysis of the Modernist Design Style

Modernism is appear in 20Thursdaycentury. And Modernism is including simple and no ornament design manner. Although this manner was appear early 20Thursdaycentury and have different interior decorators or designer have many spread. But still hold excessively small modern architecture physique in early 20Thursdaycentury. After World War II, they become many company and bureau. And do this manner be the top. Here have some designer is more celebrated. Walter Gropius, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, Le Corbusier and Frank Lloyd Wright. Frank Lloyd Wright is one of the celebrated designer in early 20Thursdaycentury. He is a American Institute of Architects, interior interior decorator, Writer and Educators. His design undertaking is over 1000 and complete about five 100s. And he believes that design should accomplish harmoniousness between worlds and the environment. And it become Organic architecture. For illustration, Fallingwater is the celebrated on the universe. This design can turn out his thought. Besides this design is one of the best designer on the American. More than 70 old ages of his calling at Architects. He design different architecture. It including Office, Church, Skyscrapers, Hotel and Museum. Besides he design some furniture and stained glass. In his life he write over 20 book and article. And he is the celebrated talkers. In 1991, American Institute of Architects name Wright â€Å"The best Architect† . He designed different architecture. And his design was celebrated. For illustration, Robie House, Imerial Hotel, Fallingwater, Taliesin West, The Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, Price Tower and Jonson Wax Headquarters. Besides his thought was affected many interior decorator. Person said how Wright work alteration American architecture, but person said â€Å"How did n't Frank Lloyd Wright alteration architecture in America I think is truly the manner to state it because it is difficult to conceive of what American architecture would be like or even likely universe architecture without Frank Lloyd Wright. About the Organic architecture, he has a celebrated plant. It called Fallingwater. Fallingwater physique in 1934-1937. In 1991, members of the American institute of Architects named the house the â€Å" best all-time work of American architecture† and in 2007, it was ranked 29th on the list of Amercian’s Favorite Architecture harmonizing to the AIA. About the design, the form of the edifice expression natural, insouciant, stretch. Besides The chief room of the edifice with an out-of-door patio, platforms and roads, intertwined, besides obtained with the environing natural landscape with the consequence of merger. About the stuff, White concrete and rock Lashkar-e-Taiba this design expression merge in the environment. And this design is really particular. Because the platform is above the waterfall, this design in that clip is intensely. And this design was influence many designer. Besides it cause the new design manner. About the Taliesin West design, he thinks it has b een linked with the desert. So he utilize local rock and concrete. Besides the natural lighting is the chief function. Because he believes the natural lighting can allow inside the edifice connect to the exterior. His thought has affected some designer. For illustration Neville Gruzman, Kendrick Bangs Kellogg, Alvar Aalto, Nari Gandhi and Bruce Goff. All of them have build Organic architecture. Such as Neville Gruzman. Hills House and Gruzman House is the celebrated organic architecture. Besides Hills House is the work is thought of as a two 20Thursdaycentury houses: â€Å"Fallingwater† and â€Å"Farnsworth House† . And Gruzman House is use stuffs such as dark stained lumbers and natural brick. His designer is conform Wright method. About Bruce Goff, he said that his hero is Wright and Sullivan. Then he started to reach the original design. Bavinger House is important illustration of organic architecture. The house has no interior wall ; alternatively there are a series of platforms at different tallness, with drapes that can be drawn for privateness. The design usage many natural dark, make the inside country connect to the exterior. Kendrick Bangs Kellogg is an pioneer of organic architecture. In 1955, he met Wright and the brief meeting provided an inspiration. His design is non fit neatly into the same with Wright, Bruce Goff or other organic designers. His edifice are surveies of superimposed, segmented and unfolding infinite. And he design Onion house. It is a landmark of organic architecture. The design usage employs semitransparent curving roof panels. Since with no outside walls, the division between interior and exterior consists of screen or stained glass. But person possibly doesn’t cognize what organic designer is. So Wright explains that, it is term meant from nature, organic architecture was so a natural architecture. And now we eventually understand what organic designer is. And he believe good edifice is non one that hurts the landscape, but one which makes the landscape more beautiful than it was before the edifice was built. So he wants clean lines and simpleness. And disliked intricate item and irritability of the architectural manners. In add-on to organic designer, Wright steel has affected other designer. For illustration John S. Van Bergen. And his manner is Prairie manner places. About the Prairie manner. In 1909, Wright developed what known as the Prairie Style. Typical Prairie manner place is distinguished by horizontal lines on the outside, emphasized by a low-pitched hipped roof. But Wright use different colour, and allow the ceiling highs and hallway breadths to alternately compress and spread out the sense of infinite. His design went beyond the edifice to the finest inside informations of the interior infinite, include furniture, art glass and other interior design. And the celebrated prairie manner designer is Robie House. It was designed in 1908. Frank Lloyd Wright’s designs of place and edifice have inspired coevalss of designers, including most of what is called â€Å"modern architecture.† His influence is international—many other states have considered Frank Lloyd Wright’s designs as a major templet of their modern-day manners. More than 30 provinces in the United States possess Frank Lloyd Wright constructions and most architectural critics agree with that every province in the state has edifices that reflect Wright’s manner. Presents, when human want to develop something else, and they will destruct the natural. So they must retrieve that Wright has said the human existences and nature can conexist. And it is of import, even he is gone, but his architectural theory still affected other interior decorator. But person think he was chesty adult male. Because he want to allow his ain considerable on his clients. For illustration, Fallingwater. The design is particular and advanced. But despite there may be dangers he still carry out his out his design. I think his behaviour is right. Because if one’s creativeness is easy affected by the others, so that one is non a qualified interior decorator. Plagiarism:24 % hypertext transfer protocol: //encyclopedia.jrank.org/articles/pages/6404/Wright-Frank-Lloyd.html hypertext transfer protocol: //freshome.com/2012/09/03/10-great-architectural-lessons-from-frank-lloyd-wright/ hypertext transfer protocol: //translate.google.com.hk/translate? hl=zh-TW & A ; sl=en & A ; u=http: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Lloyd_Wright & A ; prev=/search % 3Fq % 3Dfrank % 2Blloyd % 2Bwright % 2Binfluences % 2Bon % 2Barchitecture % 26sa % 3DN % 26biw % 3D1367 % 26bih % 3D840 hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Goff hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neville_Gruzman hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kendrick_Bangs_Kellogg hypertext transfer protocol: //www.distinctbuild.ca/neville_gruzman_architect.php

Policies and Procedures in Preventing Pressure Ulcers Essay Example

Policies and Procedures in Preventing Pressure Ulcers Essay Example Policies and Procedures in Preventing Pressure Ulcers Essay Policies and Procedures in Preventing Pressure Ulcers Essay Procedures and Policies in Preventing Pressure Ulcers 1 Running head: Procedures and Policies in Preventing Pressure Ulcers Procedures and Policies in Preventing Pressure Ulcers Procedures and Policies in Preventing Pressure Ulcers 2 One of the most serious obstacles that long- term care facilities face with their residents is the development of pressure ulcers. Pressure ulcers, or bed sores, occur when pressure is applied to areas of the body causing skin breakdown. Most pressure ulcers develop over bony prominences, where friction and shearing force combine with pressure to breakdown skin and underlying tissues (Lippincott, Williams, Wilkins, 2010, p. 1). † Pressure ulcers may occur when great force for a short period or less force over a long period impairs circulation to an area of skin. This process obstructs capillary blood flow which deprives the tissues of oxygen and nutrients. The results are ischemic lesions and tissue necrosis which can lead to serious infection. Common areas that pressure ulcers occur are on the coccyx, sacrum, greater trochanters, vertebrae, scapulae, elbows, knees, and heels. Patients who are bedridden or have impaired mobility are at great risk for pressure ulcer development (Lippincott, Williams, Wilkins, 2010). Lippincott, Williams, Wilkins (2010) state that the prevention of pressure ulcers includes relieving pressure, improving circulation, and providing adequate nutrition. Prevention also includes managing diseases such as vascular disorders and diabetes. Vascular disorders can impair circulation and uncontrolled diabetes can promote infection. The prevention of pressure ulcers begins with an accurate assessment. The National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel (2007) categorizes pressure ulcers into six stages that include: suspected deep tissue injury, stage I, stage II, stage III, stage IV, and unstageable pressure ulcers. Suspected deep tissue injury occurs when underlying soft tissue is damaged by pressure or shearing. The appearance is described as a localized area that is urple, Procedures and Policies in Preventing Pressure Ulcers 3 maroon, or presents a blood filled blister on intact skin. A stage I pressure ulcer occurs over localized, intact skin that is red and nonblanchable. Stage II ulcers are characterized by partial-thickness loss of the dermis that is broken with a shallow, open ulcer that has a reddish-pink wound bed. These ulcers can be intact or open serum-filled blisters. Stage III ulcers have similar characteristics as stage II ulcers. However, subcutaneous fat may be seen in the wound bed. This represents full-thickness tissue loss. Undermining or tunneling may be present at this stage. Stage IV pressure ulcers progress through subcutaneous fat exposing muscle, tendons, or bone. Slough or eschar may be present in the wound bed. Undermining and tunneling are common in this stage. An unstageable ulcer occurs when the base of the ulcer is covered by slough, eschar, or both. Unless the slough and eschar are removed, the depth of the ulcer is unknown. For this reason, the ulcer is unstageable. Prevention is the key to avoiding extensive treatment and complications. At McCauley Sanctuary, a long- term care facility in Muskegon, preventative tools such as the Braden scale are used during an assessment. The Braden scale is a reliable instrument used to measure a patient’s risk of developing pressure ulcers. There are six areas that are assessed: sensory perception, skin moisture, physical activity, mobility, nutrition, and friction and shear. Each area produces 1-4 points, depending on the description that fits the patient. After the six area assessment, the points are tallied. The lower the points, the greater the risk is for the patient to develop pressure ulcers. The Braden Scale is useful in developing the patient’s plan of care. When a patient is at risk for pressure ulcers, a plan of care may include frequent repositioning to decrease pressure. It may also include the use of special equipment to reduce Procedures and Policies in Preventing Pressure Ulcers 4 pressure intensity (Lippincott, Williams, Wilkins, 2010). At McCauley Sanctuary, every patient has a 4† thick mattress overlay to reduce pressure intensity. They are also anti-microbial, which discourages infection. I noticed that every wheelchair had a thick foam cushion as well. Bolster pillows and regular pillows are used to reposition patients and relieve pressure from bony prominences. I had the duty of showering a patient on my first day of clinical. After her shower, I was instructed to apply a moisturizing cream to her sacrum, coccyx, and any other areas that showed signs of skin breakdown. The use of special equipment that reduce pressure and cream that is used on patients are examples of how McCauley Sanctuary complies with preventative measures. The patient I worked with did not require repositioning since her mobility was only slightly limited. Upon request I was given a handout of the clinic guidelines entitled Pressure Ulcer Prevention. The policy stated to turn and reposition a patient with impaired mobility every 1-2 hours. It also advised lifting the patient, with assistance, instead of sliding them. This is because sliding increases friction and shear which can contribute to the development of pressure ulcers. This handout was supported by EBP articles from the Journal of Advanced Nursing and the Journal of Wound, Ostomy, and Continence Nursing. It also included EBP provided by the National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel. I have read and studied information regarding pressure ulcers, but being at McCauley allowed me to apply assessment skills and prevention of pressure ulcer development. I am a hands-on learner and being able to actually see prevention and care plan implementation has made learning and retaining this information easier. I am very grateful that I had this Procedures and Policies in Preventing Pressure Ulcers 5 opportunity provided to me by Grand Rapids Community College, Pilgrim Manor, and the patients I provided care to. Procedures and Policies in Preventing Pressure Ulcers 6 References Lippincott, Williams, Wilkins. (2010). Pressure ulcer prevention. Retrieved on July 15, 2010 from nursingprocedures. net/lnp/form/printPage. jsp National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel. (2007). Pressure ulcer stages revised by NPUAP. Retrieved on February 19, 2011from npuap. org/pr2. htm

SNPs, Chips, and the essays

SNPs, Chips, and the essays Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are DNA sequence variations that occur when a single nucleotide is altered. A SNP might change the DNA sequence from AAGGCTAA ATGGCTAA. SNPs occur every 100 to 300 bases. SNPs can occur in both coding and noncoding regions of the genome. Some SNPs have no effect on cell function, but others can have a major impact on how humans respond to disease and drug therapies. This makes SNPs of great value for biomedical research and for developing pharmaceutical products. SNPs also do not change much through generations, making them easier to follow in population studies. Scientists believe SNP maps will help them identify the genes (there are many genes involved) associated with such diseases as cancer, diabetes, and some forms of mental illness. SNP maps are also expected to identify thousands of additional markers along the genome. Over the past several years, a new technology called DNA microarray has attracted enormous interest among scientists. A microarray is a tool for analyzing gene expression that consists of a small membrane or glass slide containing samples of many genes arranged in a regular pattern. This technology can monitor an entire genome on a single chip so that researchers can have a better picture of the interactions among thousands of genes. Microarrays may be used to assay gene expression within a single sample or to compare gene expression in two different cell types or tissue samples, such as in healthy and diseased tissue. Only a fraction of an organisms genes are turned on. It is the genes that are turned on, or expressed, that gives the distinctive properties to each cell type. A microarray works by allowing mRNA molecules to hybridize to the DNA template from which it originated. By using an array containing many DNA samples, scientists can determine the expression levels of hundred s or thousands of genes within a cell by measuring the a...

Catastrophes, Cultures, and the Angry Earth Essay

Catastrophes, Cultures, and the Angry Earth - Essay Example â€Å"The waters came and took our house and all of our belongings. Now we have returned and officials tell us that we can’t rebuild here, our land will be used for something else. This is our land, we want it back, and we want our lives back.† -----Anonymous Survivor in Aceh, 2005 â€Å"We would all love to see Tokyo rebuilt along the lines of Paris or Berlin, but do we have the resources? No! Why should people in rural areas who suffer each year, toil and sweat yet more for those of Tokyo? Rural areas need attention too, they are the foundation of the nation.† -----Japanese Parliamentarian, 1923 Answer: In the course, the main idea being taught revolves around the nature of the human society specifically during the time of catastrophes and disasters. Based on the quotation that introduced the course according to the historian Marc Bloch, calamities are instruments that help see, study, and analyze the nature of human society. This can be attributed to the fact that as a human body, society has the capacity to maintain, to operate, and to defend itself. It also has the capacity to rebuild once it had been destroyed. The only question in the process of coping with the different forms of trials and disasters is the manner by which it can be undertaken. The course is aimed to open the minds of the students to the need for larger and more holistic objectives in the society which can help understand the reason for the need for continuous improvement of the different groups in the society such as political, economic, and social institutions. Due to the continuous exposure to natural disasters, human society had learned to establish ways and means to cope with the effects of calamities and disasters. The lessons of the pasts and the technologies of the present are used as tools to plan and to cope with possible dangers in the future. Discussion of the First Quote: Calamity in Aceh The first quote was expressed by an anonymous survivor in the calamity that affected Aceh in 2005. Based on the quote, aside from the natural calamity which is the flood that affected many lives, there are other issues that hinder the process of recovery and reconstruction. Upon the return of the survivors to their land, officials prohibited reconstruction. Thus, the aside from the fact that the natural calamity took their home, the social and political issues and policies affected their land. There are different issues that can be discussed in the quote since it expressed a view of the different dynamics that can occur in times of disasters. One is the background of the disaster in Aceh. Aceh, formally known as Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam (or the State of Aceh, Abode of Peace) is considered as one of the most Islamic region of Indonesia. The culture and traditions of Aceh is strongly based on Islamic principles and practices. For that matter, religion can be considered as one of the guiding view in times of major calamities and natural disasters (Clarke, Fanany, and Kenny, 2010, p. 30). Due to the influence of Islam in the culture of Aceh, it is considered as one of the main context in terms of the study of the event of 2005. The Islamic law, or sharia, is known to affect the post-tsunami state of Aceh resulting to the question on the re construction and rehabilitation efforts in the area. The political policy in the state had been considered as one of the most highlighted factor in the rehabilitation problems since it is the only state in the country that applies Islamic law. The application of religious laws on political context can be considered as a point of continuous criticism since it can greatly affect the road to reconstruction of Aceh (Clarke, Fanany,

Mixed Method Qualitative Case Study of the Views and Performance of Dissertation

Mixed Method Qualitative Case Study of the Views and Performance of Clinic Staff Undertaking STD Testing - Dissertation Example They were especially confident in carrying out throat swabs more than rectal swabs because of the uncomfortable and embarrassing nature of the rectal swabs. Interviewee 3 mentioned however that he needed more confidence in proctoscopy because he mostly participated in blind rectal swabs. Most of the interviewees also mentioned that they were able to gain confidence through experience and this experience also taught them how they could make the patient more comfortable during the rectal swabs. Interviewee 4 mentioned that by exuding confidence during the procedure, the patient could be more comfortable. This interviewee also points out the importance of carrying out the swabs as quickly as possible in order to lessen the discomfort. These views emphasize the importance of confidence and the fact that the respondents placed primary importance on its impact in the successful administration of tests. Attitudes Where there may be genital site testing missed by other health professionals, majority of the respondents indicated that they would just ask the patient why the genital testing was not carried out. The respondents point out that most times, the patient may have been the one to refuse the swab. If it is the patient who has refused the test, their reasons for refusing would be asked and the respondents said they would try to talk the patient into submitting to the genital swabbing. Majority of the respondents also mentioned that they would not challenge the previous medical examiner, instead, they would clarify or ask why the test was not carried out. Interviewee 6 mentioned that sometimes, it may be a simple case of omission on the part of the previous examiner. Majority of the interviewees mention that challenging the previous medical examiner would not be appropriate and they would be uncomfortable doing it. However, clarifying the situation with the previous examiner would be the more professional option (Wedemeyer and Manns, 2009). The interviewees also me ntion the importance of communicating with the previous examiner regarding the patient’s genital swab. The term â€Å"liaise† with the medical examiner was mentioned by interviewee 7. Knowledge: The themes indicated below reveal the extent of the knowledge that the respondents have on the management of MSM patients, especially in relation to patient testing, demographic data, guidelines, sexual history, as well as training. 1. Patient testing The clinical staff performs varied functions in relation to MSM patients seeking medical care in their clinics. Most of the interviewees mention that their most common and current responsibilities in relation to MSM patients include patient testing for sexually transmitted diseases. Interviewee 1 mentions that patients approach them ‘requesting testing for sexually transmitted infections.’ Interviewee 2 also mentions a syphilis test, and a swab as well as blood test he most recently carried out on an MSM patient. Anot her interviewee mentioned carrying out bacterial and genital testing on an MSM. These interviewees also mention having to carry out routine assessments and tests on their MSM patients. Two of the interviewees (2 and 4) mentioned that they usually carry out vaccinations or antibacterial injections for their clients. All in all, the importance of functions which relate to the prevention and the management of sexually-transmitted